A Qualitative Study on Curriculum Supervision and Learning Modalities in the Time of Pandemic: Basis on the Proposed Innovative Supervisory Framework


(1) Laguna State Polytchnic University, Philippines


Metrics→ |
Indexing Site→ | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Copyright (c) 2025 John Michael Del Rosario Aquino
A Qualitative Study on Curriculum Supervision and Learning Modalities in the Time of Pandemic: Basis on the Proposed Innovative Supervisory Framework. This study examines the challenges posed by the pandemic to instructional leaders and their ability to supervise teachers, focusing on the university context. Using a phenomenological approach, 6 instructional leaders were interviewed through a face-to-face questionnaire to uncover the supervision models, processes of supervising teachers, different learning modalities, and supervisory framework. The results revealed that the synchronous class was most effective among the three modalities used: synchronous, asynchronous, and modular. Furthermore, a differentiated supervision model was constructed based on the practices of instructional leaders, and a framework was proposed for use in other schools. The implications of this research are that instructional leaders should be aware of the various supervision models, processes, and learning modalities available in order to effectively respond to and cope with the crisis. Additionally, other schools can employ alternative supervision models by investigating the characteristics that affect supervision.
Keywords: leadership, curriculum supervision, new normal education, pandemic.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jpp.v13.i2.202313
Adhabi, E., & Anozie, C. B. (2017). Literature review for the type of interview in qualitative research. International Journal of Education, 9(3), 86-97.
Almahasees, Z., Mohsen, K., & Amin, M. O. (2021, May). Faculty’s and students’ perceptions of online learning during COVID-19. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 6). Frontiers Media SA.
Almusharraf, N., & Khahro, S. (2020). Students satisfaction with online learning experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(21), 246-267.
Aquino, J. M. D. R., & Chavez, M. A. (2022). Teaching effectiveness: Basis for the development of assessment tool.Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers and Teacher Education,12(2), 41–65. https://doi.org/10.37134/jrpptte.vol12.2.4.2022
Barkley, E. F., & Major, C. H. (2020). Student engagement techniques: A handbook for college faculty. John Wiley & Sons.
Bdair, I. A. (2021). Nursing students' and faculty members' perspectives about online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 16(3), 220-226.
Brock, J. D., Beach, D. M., Musselwhite, M., & Holder, I. (2021). Instructional Supervision and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives from Principals. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 11(1), 168-180.
Bulunz, N., Gursoy, E., Kesner, J., Baltaci Goktalay, S., & Salihoglu, U. M. (2014). The Implementation and Evaluation of a Clinical Supervision Model in Teacher Education in Turkey: Is It an Effective Method?. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14(5), 1823-1833.
Cahapay, M. B. (2020). Rethinking education in the new normal post-COVID-19 era: A curriculum studies perspective. Aquademia, 4(2), ep20018.
Campbell, T. F. (2013). Teacher supervision and evaluation: A case study of administrators' and teachers' perceptions of mini observations (Doctoral dissertation, Northeastern University).
Cismas, S. C., Dona, I., & Andreiasu, G. I. (2016). Responsible leadership. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 221, 111-118.
Ciulla, J. B. (2020). Leadership and the problem of bogus empowerment. In The search for ethics in leadership, business, and beyond (pp. 177-195). Springer, Cham.
Clark, C. M., Olender, L., Kenski, D., & Cardoni, C. (2013). Exploring and addressing faculty-to-faculty incivility: A national perspective and literature review. Journal of Nursing Education, 52(4), 211-218.
Cobbold, C., Kofie, S., Bordoh, A., & Eshun, I. (2015). Perception of curriculum leaders and teachers on feedback and conditions essential for effective supervision in senior high schools.
Coggshall, J. G., Rasmussen, C., Colton, A., Milton, J., & Jacques, C. (2012). Generating Teaching Effectiveness: The Role of Job-Embedded Professional Learning in Teacher Evaluation. Research & Policy Brief. National Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality.
Collis, B., & Moonen, J. (2002). Flexible learning in a digital world. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 17(3), 217-230.
Coman, C., Țîru, L. G., Meseșan-Schmitz, L., Stanciu, C., & Bularca, M. C. (2020). Online teaching and learning in higher education during the coronavirus pandemic: Students’ perspective. Sustainability, 12(24), 10367.
Daniel, J. (2020). Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects, 49(1), 91-96.
Darling-Hammond, L. (2014). One piece of the whole: Teacher evaluation as part of a comprehensive system for teaching and learning. American Educator, 38(1), 4.
DeJonckheere, M., & Vaughn, L. M. (2019). Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: a balance of relationship and rigour. Family medicine and community health, 7(2).
Dooris, M., & Heritage, Z. (2013). Healthy Cities: facilitating the active participation and empowerment of local people. Journal of Urban Health, 90(1), 74-91.
Eshun, I., Bordoh, A., & Kofie, S. (2015). Perceived scope and approaches of curriculum supervision. American Journal of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, 2(4), 146-151.
Fritz, C., & Miller, G. (2003). Supervisory options for instructional leaders in education. Journal of Leadership Education, 2(2), 13-27.
Gadusova, Z., Hašková, A., & Jakubovská, V. (2018). Stratified Approach To Teachers'competence Assessment. In INTED2018 Proceedings (pp. 2757-2766). IATED.
Gentrup, S., Lorenz, G., Kristen, C., & Kogan, I. (2020). Self-fulfilling prophecies in the classroom: Teacher expectations, teacher feedback and student achievement. Learning and Instruction, 66, 101296.
Glatthorn, A. A. (1984). Differentiated Supervision. Publications, Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 225 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314 (ASCD Stock No. 611-84326; $8.50).
Glickman, C. D., & Gordon, S. P. (1987). Clarifying Developmental Supervision. Supervision in Context. Educational Leadership, 44(8), 64-68.
Guiamalon, T. (2021). Teachers issues and concerns on the use of modular learning modality. IJASOS-International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, 7(20), 457-469.
Gula, L. P. (2022). Challenges encountered by the teachers handling oral speech communication courses in the era OF COVID-19 pandemic. Pakistan Journal of Educational Research, 5(1).
Gursoy, E., Kesner, J. E., & Salihoglu, U. M. (2016). Clinical supervision model in teaching practice: does it make a difference in supervisors' performance?. Australian Journal of Teacher Education (Online), 41(11), 61-76.
Hartwell, C. J. (2017). Engaging students in a synchronous distance setting: asking online questions. Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence, 1(1), 5.
Hassan, M. M., Mirza, T., & Hussain, M. W. (2020). A critical review by teachers on the online teaching-learning during the COVID-19. International Journal of Education and Management Engineering, 10(8), 17-27.
Huang, R. H., Liu, D. J., Tlili, A., Yang, J. F., & Wang, H. H. (2020). Handbook on facilitating flexible learning during educational disruption: The Chinese experience in maintaining undisrupted learning in COVID-19 outbreak. Beijing: Smart Learning Institute of Beijing Normal University, 46.
Hwang, G. J., Lai, C. L., & Wang, S. Y. (2015). Seamless flipped learning: a mobile technology-enhanced flipped classroom with effective learning strategies. Journal of computers in education, 2(4), 449-473.
Johnstone, S. M., & Soares, L. (2014). Principles for developing competency-based education programs. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 46(2), 12-19.
Kadushin, A., & Harkness, D. (2014). Supervision in social work. Columbia University Press.
Kale, U., & Goh, D. (2014). Teaching style, ICT experience and teachers’ attitudes toward teaching with Web 2.0. Education and Information Technologies, 19(1), 41-60.
Karalis, T., & Raikou, N. (2020). Teaching at the times of COVID-19: Inferences and implications for higher education pedagogy. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(5), 479-493.
Konecki, M. (2020, September). Impact of distance learning on motivation and success rate of students during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020 43rd International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology (MIPRO) (pp. 813-817). IEEE.
Kusumawati, D. (2016). Academic supervision of principals of early childhood learning management. Satya Widya's Journal, 32 (1), 41-48.
Loose, C. C., & Ryan, M. G. (2020, November). Cultivating teachers when the school doors are shut: Two teacher-educators reflect on supervision, instruction, change and opportunity during the covid-19 pandemic. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 5, p. 231). Frontiers.
Lu, W., Wang, H., Lin, Y., & Li, L. (2020). Psychological status of medical workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry research, 288, 112936.
Marshall, K. (2013). Rethinking teacher supervision and evaluation: How to work smart, build collaboration, and close the achievement gap. John Wiley & Sons.
Mette, I. (2020). Reflections on Supervision in the Time of COVID-19. Journal of Educational Supervision, 3(3), 1.
Murithi, M. M. (2012). Influence of head teachers instructional supervision strategies on curriculum implementation in public primary schools in Imenti South District, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi, Kenya).
Ohsato, A., Seki, N., Nguyen, T. T. T., Moross, J., Sunaga, M., Kabasawa, Y., ... & Morio, I. (2022). Evaluating e-learning on an international scale: An audit of computer simulation learning materials in the field of dentistry. Journal of Dental Sciences, 17(1), 535-544.
Oleson, A., & Hora, M. T. (2014). Teaching the way they were taught? Revisiting the sources of teaching knowledge and the role of prior experience in shaping faculty teaching practices. Higher education, 68(1), 29-45.
Onyema, E. M., Eucheria, N. C., Obafemi, F. A., Sen, S., Atonye, F. G., Sharma, A., & Alsayed, A. O. (2020). Impact of Coronavirus pandemic on education. Journal of Education and Practice, 11(13), 108-121.
Ornstein, A. C. (1987). The field of curriculum: what approach? what definition?. The High School Journal, 70(4), 208-216.
Prosek, E. A., & Gibson, D. M. (2021). Promoting rigorous research by examining lived experiences: A review of four qualitative traditions. Journal of Counseling & Development, 99(2), 167-177.
Sadler, D. R. (2014). Beyond feedback: Developing student capability in complex appraisal. In Approaches to assessment that enhance learning in higher education (pp. 55-70). Routledge.
Sahoo, C. K., Behera, N., & Tripathy, S. K. (2010). Employee empowerment and individual commitment: An analysis from integrative review of research. Employment Relations Record, 10(1), 40-56.
Tria, J. Z. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic through the lens of education in the Philippines: The new normal. International Journal of Pedagogical Development and Lifelong Learning, 1(1), 2-4.
Turner III, D. W., & Hagstrom-Schmidt, N. (2022). Qualitative interview design. Howdy or Hello? Technical and Professional Communication.
Veloo, A., Komuji, M. M. A., & Khalid, R. (2013). The effects of clinical supervision on the teaching performance of secondary school teachers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 35-39.
Zhang, X., & Zhou, J. (2014). Empowering leadership, uncertainty avoidance, trust, and employee creativity: Interaction effects and a mediating mechanism. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 124(2), 150-164.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
View My Stats