Alifiana, M. A., Nastiti, T., Wibowo, N. U., Sokhibi, A., Lusianti, D., & Prihandono, A. (2026). Empowering the future workforce: how self-concept and career attitudes shape readiness among undergraduate interns. Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif, 16(1), 512–530. https://doi.org/10.23960/jpp.v16i1.pp512-530

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2026, January 30). Tingkat pengangguran terbuka berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MTE3OSMy/tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka-berdasarkan-tingkat-pendidikan.html

Cai, Z., Tian, Y., & Wang, Z. (2023). Career adaptability and proactive work behaviour: a relational model. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 96(1), 182–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12411

Casmudi, Sugianto, Maulida, D. T., & Angga H, H. (2022). Implementation of teaching factory vocational school of center of excellence (PK) (case study of learning aspects of the culinary and clothing expertise program at SMK Negeri 4 Balikpapan). Budapest International Research and Critics Institute - Journal (BIRCI - Journal), 5(2), 11033–11045. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v5i2.4921

Chigbu, U. E., Atiku, S. O., & Du Plessis, C. C. (2023). The science of literature reviews: searching, identifying, selecting, and synthesising. Publications, 11(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications11010002

Chinedu, C. C., Saleem, A., & Nadrah Wan Muda, W. H. (2023). Teaching and learning approaches: curriculum framework for sustainability literacy for technical and vocational teacher training programmes in malaysia. Sustainability, 15(3), 2543. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032543

Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(3), 297–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1262613

Daryono, R. W., Ramadhan, M. A., Kholifah, N., Isnantyo, F. D., & Nurtanto, M. (2023). An empirical study to evaluate the student competency of vocational education. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 12(2), 1079. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v12i2.22805

Dávila Laguna, R. F., Danny, L. A., Cáceres Torres, D. E., & Larroche Cueto, B. A. (2025). Soft skills and the use of industry 4.0 as determinants of professional development in engineering graduates: A SEM approach. Sustainable Futures, 10(May), 100742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100742

De Vos, M. E., J. Baartman, L. K., M. Van der Vleuten, C. P., & De Bruijn, E. (2024). How do workplace educators assess student performance at the workplace? a qualitative systematic review. Vocations and Learning, 17(1), 165–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-023-09328-9

Dubiel, A., Kamińska, D., Zwoliński, G., Ramić-Brkić, B., Agostini, D., & Zancanaro, M. (2025). Virtual reality for the training of soft skills for professional education: trends and opportunities. Interactive Learning Environments, 33(5), 3261–3281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2450634

Espina-Romero, L. C., Aguirre Franco, S. L., Dworaczek Conde, H. O., Guerrero-Alcedo, J. M., Ríos Parra, D. E., & Rave Ramírez, J. C. (2023). Soft skills in personnel training: report of publications in scopus, topics explored and future research agenda. Heliyon, 9(4), e15468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15468

Fang, M., Pan, R., Ding, R., Hou, Z., & Wang, D. (2024). Effect of proactive personality on career adaptability of higher vocational college students: the mediating role of college experience. Frontiers in Psychology, 15(May), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1333677

Febyola, C., Ahyanuardi, Rizal, F., & Mukhaiyyar, R. (2025). The teaching factory program in the electrical engineering department. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran, 58(3), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpp.v58i3.95037

Hong, Q. N., Fàbregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M.-P., Griffiths, F., Nicolau, B., O’Cathain, A., Rousseau, M.-C., Vedel, I., & Pluye, P. (2018). The mixed methods appraisal tool (mmat) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers. Education for Information, 34(4), 285–291. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-180221

Hulyadi, Suryati, Azmi, I., Prayogi, S., & Sri Putu Verawati, N. N. (2025). Project-Based teaching factory in the chemical cleaning industry to enhance students’ soft skills and entrepreneurial intention. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12(August), 102221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102221

Imran, Marji, Suswanto, H., & Adhikari, B. P. (2024). The influence of teaching factory (TEFA) implementation and work readiness on vocational high school students’ future job perspectives. Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi, 14(1), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpv.v14i1.66796

Indriatno Putra Pratama, G. N., Triyono, M. B., Setiadi, B. R., Wibawa, E. A., Milansari, I. L., Dinata, C., & Prihandini, T. F. (2025). A systematic literature review on implementation of teaching factory model in vocational education. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, 22, 708–718. https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2025.22.62

Isnandar, Ichwanto, M. A., & Al Ansyorie, M. M. (2023). Sister-Cousin TF model based on the influence of work preparedness and learning outcome. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 8(1), 100722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100722

Jaedun, A., Nurtanto, M., Mutohhari, F., Saputro, I. N., & Kholifah, N. (2024). Perceptions of vocational school students and teachers on the development of interpersonal skills towards industry 5.0. Cogent Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2375184

Jamaludin, K. A., Ealangov, S., Haslinda Md Saleh, S. N., Zabidi, N. A., Alias, N., Mohd Yasin, M. H., & Alias, B. S. (2023). Reshaping the curriculum for academy in factory in malaysia. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1120611

Jing, Z., Turi, J. A., Lu, S., & Rosak-Szyrocka, J. (2023). Sustainability through factory-based learning in higher education. Sustainability, 15(6), 5376. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065376

Kholifah, N., Nurtanto, M., Mutohhari, F., Hamid, M. A., Mutiara, I., Setiawan, D., & Saputro, I. N. (2025). Factors influencing student career choice in vocational education in indonesia: a mediating effect of self-efficacy. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11(December 2024), 101369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101369

Kozlovsky, Y., Opachko, M., Tsiupryk, A., & Savka, I. (2022). Integration of students’ soft and hard skills in automotive vocational and technical schools. The New Educational Review, 68(2), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.22.68.2.17

Lauzon-Schnittka, J., Audette-Chapdelaine, S., Boutin, D., Wilhelmy, C., Auger, A.-M., & Brodeur, M. (2022). The experience of patient partners in research: a qualitative systematic review and thematic synthesis. Research Involvement and Engagement, 8(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-022-00388-0

Löfgren, S., Ilomäki, L., Lipsanen, J., & Toom, A. (2023). How does the learning environment support vocational student learning of domain-general competencies? Vocations and Learning, 16(2), 343–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-023-09318-x

Magagula, M. M., & Awodiji, O. A. (2024). The implications of the fourth industrial revolution on technical and vocational education and training in south africa. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10(January), 100896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100896

Maksum, H., Purwanto, W., Triono, S., Siman, & Hasan, H. (2024). Industrial implementation of teaching factory: developing a combine brake system simulator to enhance students’ creative thinking, skills, and perceptions. PaperASIA, 40(6b), 400–414. https://doi.org/10.59953/paperasia.v40i6b.216

Maksum, H., Yuvenda, D., & Purwanto, W. (2022). Improvement of metacognitive and critical thinking skills through development of the a ‘teaching factory based on troubleshooting’ (TEFA-T) model in automotive vocational learning. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 19(3), 1015–1036. https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2022.161

Marcionetti, J., Zambelli, C., & Rossier, J. (2025). Influence of career adaptability and job control on decent work and occupational stress in a sample of apprentices. Journal of Career Development, 52(1), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453241304328

Mohammed, F. S., & Ozdamli, F. (2024). A systematic literature review of soft skills in information technology education. Behavioral Sciences, 14(10), 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14100894

Mourtzis, D., Panopoulos, N., & Angelopoulos, J. (2022). A hybrid teaching factory model towards personalized education 4.0. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 36(12), 1739–1759. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951192X.2022.2145025

Murwaningsih, T., Prameswara, Y. T., Febriyanti, H., Ayu Permata, A.-Z., Riordan, A. S., Hassan, A. A., & Ibrahim, N. M. (2026). Preparing generation z for the future workforce: the interplay of digital literacy and sustainable mindset. Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif, 16(1), 120–134. https://doi.org/10.23960/jpp.v16i1.pp120-134

Nuraeni, E. (2025). Evaluasi pelaksanaan teaching factory dalam upaya peningkatan mutu lulusan di SMK letris indonesia 2 tangerang selatan [evaluation of the implementation of teaching factory in an effort to improve the quality of graduates at smk letris indonesia 2, south tangerang]. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Teknologi Indonesia, 5(6), 1979–1689. https://doi.org/10.52436/1.jpti.851

Nurtanto, M., Kholifah, N., Ahdhianto, E., Samsudin, A., & Isnantyo, F. D. (2021). A review of gamification impact on student behavioural and learning outcomes. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (IJIM), 15(21), 22. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i21.24381

Pacher, C., Woschank, M., & Zunk, B. M. (2023). The role of competence profiles in industry 5.0-related vocational education and training: exemplary development of a competence profile for industrial logistics engineering education. Applied Sciences, 13(5), 3280. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053280

Panzaru, C., & Grama, A. (2025). Towards explicit soft skills labelling in esco through semantic NLP analysis. Journal for Labour Market Research, 59(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12651-025-00409-x

Paul, J. (2025). Crafting impactful systematic literature reviews: thumb rules and suggestions. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 49(5), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.70103

Presiden Republik Indonesia. (2016). Instruksi presiden republik indonesia nomor 9 tahun 2016. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/195928/inpres-no-9-tahun-2016

Purba, S., Purba, M., Panjaitan, K., Hasan, A., & Ginting, L. M. (2024). Analysis of the implementation of the contextual science teaching factory learning model at the medan city center of excellence vocational school. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10 (Special Issue), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10iSpecialIssue.7973

Ramdhani, M. R., Iswan, I., Husainah, N., & Dani Nandiyanto, A. B. (2025). Techno-economic analysis of plywood production from sengon wood waste through a teaching factory model: vocational high school and industry. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 20(5), 1516–1524. https://jestec.taylors.edu.my/Vol 20 Issue 5 October 2025/20_5_15.pdf

Rosidah, R., & Sutirman, S. (2023). Added value of teaching factory learning in services production unit to prepare graduate work readiness. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 42(3), 695–704. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v42i3.49137

Sembiring, E. V., Sukardi, S., Elida, E., & Giatman, M. (2026). Evaluating the effectiveness of teaching factory in culinary education using tyler’s goal-oriented model: a case study from an indonesian vocational school. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 17(4), 8089–8099. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v17i4.8415

Setiadi, A., Rochayati, U., Hartopo, I., & Handito, T. (2025). Production-Based teaching factory learning model: enhancing soft skills and simulating the industrial environment. Indonesian Journal of Educational Development (IJED), 6(2), 278–292. https://doi.org/10.59672/ijed.v6i2.4679

Setiawan, E., & Warta, W. (2026). Teaching factory management to improve the employability of vocational high school graduates (A case study at SMK Negeri 8 Bandung and SMK Negeri 2 Cimahi). Journal of Science and Education (JSE), 6, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.58905/jse.v6i2.1.701

Shellshear, E., & Oh, K. W. (2025). The emerging, non-routine european skills of the future. European Journal of Management Studies, 30(3–4), 223–242. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJMS-02-2025-0013

Su, X., Wong, V., & Liang, K. (2023). Effects of contextual constraints, work volition, and career adaptability on decent work conditions among young adult social workers: a moderated mediation model. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2023.2245451

Suroto, S., Sunyono, S., Sukirlan, M., Winatha, I. K., Yuliyanto, R., & Rahmawati, F. (2024). Factors affecting the work readiness of vocational school students: a systematic literature review. Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif, 14(3), 1831–1846. https://doi.org/10.23960/jpp.v14.i3.2024124

Susilowati, S., Evawati, D., Karyanto, Y., & Asmaul, R. (2024). Quick analysis of the applied teaching factory in the independent learning curriculum towards the readliness of enterpreneurship. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(11), 9087–9096. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i11.9256

Sutiadiningsih, A., & Mahfud, T. (2023). Can the teaching factory model improve the entrepreneurial intentions of vocational high school students? International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 12(3), 1654–1662. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v12i3.25652

Suyatmo, S., Prayitno, H., Wirawan, W. A., Pratiwi, D. I., & Waluyo, B. (2025). Preparing industry-ready graduates: interplay of lecturer behavior, self-motivation, and soft skill development in vocational education. Acta Psychologica, 261(November), 105892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105892

Thianthai, C., & Sutamchai, K. (2022). Skills that matter: qualitative study focusing on the transfer of training through the experience of thai vocational students. Frontiers in Education, 7(May). https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.897808

Tian, J., & He, G. (2024). Research on innovative teaching to enhance the employability of college students based on the “five links and six steps” method. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 15(5), 102677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2024.102677

Tikhonova, E., & Raitskaya, L. (2023). Education 4.0: the concept, skills, and research. Journal of Language and Education, 9(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.17323/jle.2023.17001

Twyford, E., & Dean, B. A. (2024). Inviting students to talk the talk: developing employability skills in accounting education through industry-led experiences. Accounting Education, 33(3), 296–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/09639284.2023.2191288

Vargas, H., Heradio, R., Donoso, M., & Farias, G. (2023). Teaching automation with factory i/o under a competency-based curriculum. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 82(13), 19221–19246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-14047-9

Wahjusaputri, S., & Bunyamin, B. (2022). Development of teaching factory competency-based for vocational secondary education in central java, Indonesia. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 11(1), 353. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i1.21709

Wahjusaputri, S., Nastiti, T. I., Bunyamin, B., & Sukmawati, W. (2024). Development of artificial intelligence-based teaching factory in vocational high schools in central java province. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 18(4), 1234–1245. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v18i4.21422

Wahjusaputri, S., Nastiti, T. I., & Liu, Y. (2024). Development of a hybrid teaching factory model based on school governance in improving employability skills of vocational students. Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi, 14(1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpv.v14i1.65108

Wijanarka, B. S., Wijarwanto, F., & Mbakwa, P. N. (2023). Successful implementation of teaching factory in machining expertise in vocational high schools. Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi, 13(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpv.v13i1.51811

Winch, C. (2023). Learning outcomes: the long goodbye: vocational qualifications in the 21st century. European Educational Research Journal, 22(1), 20–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/14749041211043669

Wu, Y., Xu, L., & Philbin, S. P. (2023). Evaluating the role of the communication skills of engineering students on employability according to the outcome-based education (OBE) theory. Sustainability, 15(12), 9711. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129711

Wuryanto, J., Sutisna, A., & Supriyati Saefudin, Y. (2026). Evaluating indonesia’s vocational centre of excellence program with the kirkpatrick model: linking facilities, resources, and student outcomes. International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Scope, 07(01), 679–697. https://doi.org/10.47857/irjms.2026.v07i01.08512

Xue, Y. B., & Ooi, B. K. (2026). Quality of work-integrated learning and employability in henan tvet: serial mediation via career self-efficacy and adaptability, moderated by proactive personality. Education + Training, 68(10), 82–102. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-09-2025-0705

Yati, Y., Jaya, F., Agussalim, A., Ampa, A. T., & Sulolipu, A. A. (2026). Effect of work-integrated learning and instructor skills on vocational graduates’ work readiness: the mediating role of self-efficacy. Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif, 16(1), 531–553. https://doi.org/10.23960/jpp.v16i1.pp531-553

Yondri, S., Ganefri, K., & Jalinus, N. (2020). A new syntax of teaching factory ir 4.0 model in vocational education. Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol., 10(6), 2270–2275.

Yoto, Marsono, Qolik, A., & Romadin, A. (2024). Evaluation of teaching factory using CIPP (context, input, process, product) model to improve vocational high school students’ skills. Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi, 14(1), 12–28. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpv.v14i1.62573

Yoto, Suyetno, A., Wibawa, A. P., Paryono, & Romadin, A. (2024). Unveiling the distinctive impact of vocational schools link and match collaboration with industries for holistic workforce readiness. Open Education Studies, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/edu-2024-0045

Yunus, Y., Yulianti, R., Oriza, W., Jalinus, N., & Abdullah, R. (2023). Teori prosser : philosophy pendidikan kejuruan pada era revolusi industri 4.0. AT-TAJDID: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pemikiran Islam, 7(2), 316–325. https://doi.org/10.24127/att.v6521a2366