2026-04-29T13:59:09Z https://jpp.fkip.unila.ac.id/index.php/jpp/oai

oai:ojs.jpp.fkip.unila.ac.id:article/326 2025-04-25T09:09:02Z jpp:ART driver

Difficulties in Printed Modular Distance Learning: Scale Development and Psychometric Properties Calaguas, Glenn Medallon Manarang, Noel Calma Cortez, Aina Pangan Mercado, Riza Manalo This study focused on the development of a scale that can be used to identify difficulties in printed modular distance learning from the perspective of learners. Extant literature was analyzed, and 20 learners were interviewed aimed at identifying difficulties. Insights from both literature and interviews served as the basis for the writing of 23 items on the initial scale, distributed under seven themes. Ten learners were asked to participate in the trial run, and 619 learners participated in the test administration. With responses during the test administration, means and standard deviations were computed, and scale reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha formula, while factor analysis was used to evaluate scale validity. Six factors were retained after factor analysis. The scale developed is psychometrically sound and can identify difficulties in printed modular distance learning, as can be observed from the results of its reliability and validity evaluation. Keywords: distance learning, modular learning, scale developmentDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jpp.v13.i3.202333 FKIP Universitas Lampung 2025-04-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://jpp.fkip.unila.ac.id/index.php/jpp/article/view/326 Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif; Vol 13, No 3 (2023): Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif; 1343-1353 2550-1313 2087-9849 eng https://jpp.fkip.unila.ac.id/index.php/jpp/article/view/326/197 Copyright (c) 2025 Glenn Medallon Calaguas, Noel Calma Manarang, Aina Pangan Cortez, Riza Manalo Mercado https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0